Z80 Retrocomputing 3 – Bus Monitor Board

I wanted more lights on the retrocomputer, so I decided to add a bus monitoring board.

For a brief introduction to my retrocomputing posts, please start at the first one.

So what exactly does the bus monitor board do? It monitors the Z80 address and data buses and displays the current values on those buses on hexadecimal displays. This allows you to, for example, see what IO ports are being read and written, or what memory addresses are being written.

When designing this board, I faced a few options as to how to display the output. A lot of retrocomputer designs will use simple LEDs and display the output in binary. That’s neat (blinking lights are always neat) but not too useful unless you’re quick at doing binary to hex conversion in your head. I looked around on ebay, and eventually came up with some hexadecimal displays, the TIL311. The TIL311 can display a single hex digit (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) from a four-pin binary input. It has an onboard TTL driver to do this.

TIL311 hexadecimal display

Above is a picture of one of the TIL311 I purchased on ebay. It’s really very small, the whole thing fits a 16-pin DIP socket. The LEDs are in the top half of the TIL311, and the TTL driver logic is in the bottom half.

Examining the TIL311 datasheet, I came across the first hurdle to be overcome. The TIL311 is a TTL device. It will sink 1.6 ma if a logic low is placed on one of the input devices. The Z80 only provides 1.8 ma of drive current, and the RC2014 is designed with an unbuffered data bus. A single TIL311 display would pretty take the entire Z80 output drive current, severely loading the bus. For this reason, I had to add buffers in front of the TIL311. I chose the 74HCT244N.

The next question was what data I wanted to display on the TIL311. At first this seems obvious, I want to display 16-bits (four hex digits) or address bus and 8-bits (two hex digits) of data bus. However, just attaching the TIL311 to the bus and displaying everything isn’t necessarily a good idea. The RC2014’s Z80 is running at 7.3728Mhz, and simply displaying the bus during normal operation is going to lead to a rapidly changing unreadable display. It’ll change so fast that you probably won’t even be able to see it.

The solution I chose was to add some configurable latching capability. I broke out the M1, MREQ, IOREQ, RD, and WR signals to a dip switch so that those signals can be used to trigger the latch on the TIL311. If you select M1, then in theory you should be able to see every instruction load address. If you select IOREQ then you should be able to see every IO request. Watching instruction loads at 7.3728Mhz is still not something the human eye can perceive, but io requests happen much less frequently and you can actually see stuff happen.

Furthermore, I’m planning on adding a single-stepper and a slow clock board at some point, and once that’s done, then watching memory requests and instruction fetches may be useful.

Here’s the resulting schematic of the bus monitor board:

Z80 Bus Monitor Schematic

The TIL311 displays and the 74HCT244N buffers should be pretty straightforward. We can probably use some description of what all of the hex inverters are doing… In addition to buffering the address and data pins, we also need to buffer any control signals we want to display. One option would have been to use a buffer chip, but a hex inverter works just as well (we just need to invert the signal twice). So we invert each control signal once, feed them all to the DIP selector switch, and then invert the selected one again, which we then use to drive the latch pin of the TIL311.

In addtional, I’ve used some 74HC05 open collector inverters to drive the LEDs. The open-collector inverter doesn’t provide any significant current for high output, but it is capable of sinking a low output, perfect for sinking a LED. This allows us to add five LEDs for displaying the status of M1, MREQ, IOREQ, WR, and RD.

Note that if a 74HCT04 is used for IC1 as shown in the schematic then you have to be careful not to engage two dip switches at the same time (lest one inverter output a high while another is outputting a low and the DIP switch shorts them). One option is to use a 74HCT05 for IC1 instead, and add pullups. This allows you to enable multiple DIP switches at the time, and it will “AND” the signals together. For example, flipping the WR and IOREQ DIP switches at the same time will latch the displays only when WR and IOREQ are both low, effectively displaying only io writes and not io reads.

Here’s the assembled bus monitor board:

Z80 Bus Monitor Board, Assembled

Finally, here’s a picture of the board in the front slot of the RC2014, displaying IO requests:

Busmon board, in use

One word of caution — these displays take a lot of current to run them. When I first plugged this board into my RC2014, I exceeded the capability of the un-heatsinked 7805 regulator and put it into thermal shutdown. I have since replaced the 7805 with a switching regulator from EZSBC. EZSBC has both a 1A and a 2.5A option available. These things will drop right in place of a 7805. I started out with the 1A version, but have since switched to the 2.5A version, as I have added additional boards to the RC2014 and was pushing the limit on the 1A.

I’ve measured the current consumption of the bus monitor  board to be approximately 556ma at 5V. This was one sample measurement, and may vary depending on what numbers are displayed on the digits. This 556ma is in addition to the current already consumed by the rest of the RC2014.

PC-Board ordering

If you’d like the pc-board that goes with this project, then I have made it available at Osh Park:

Order from OSH Park

Comments (11)

  1. Hi,

    I’m interested about this monitor board. Can you let me know how much current will flow when using this Bus Monitor Board ? Can you specify what switching regulator that you replaced with ? Can we just replace the 7805 IC ? Please let me know

    Thank You.

  2. admin says:

    I just measured it this morning. The board added 556ma at 5 VDC to whatever the RC2014 is already drawing.

  3. Jean-Charles says:

    Hi,
    Could you precise exactly (in the schematic) where to add pullups when you use a 74HCT05 for IC1 instead a 74HCT04 ? What is the value ?
    Thank you very much.

  4. Tony Drake says:

    Scott, I received boards from OSHPark for this bus monitor and your single-stepper, and I’ve collected almost all the parts. It looks like you used an electrolytic capacitor between power and ground, labeled C8 in your schematic. What value did you use? It is the only thing left to get for this board, and I’m gettin’ fired up!

    –Tony in Maryland

  5. Mark Riley says:

    Scott, your board designs are generally great but are let down by an incomplete BOM, capacitor and resistor values are important and would certainly be helpful if included either on your schematics or BOMs – preferably both.

  6. Paul Land says:

    Hello Dr Baker.

    I have got 5 of your boards made as OSH park when i was in bed unwell. I have now built my RC2014 and I am buying the components for your boards but I do not know the resistor and capacitor values. I am unable to work it out myself so would it be possible to help me with these values please as I am completely stuck.

    The boards I have are the following;
    rc2014-super
    RC2014-RTC
    rc2014-ledmon
    rc2014 flash / ram
    RC2014 Floppy- WD37C65 version

    Kind Regards

    Paul Land

  7. Mark Ericksen says:

    I was reviewing a magnified photo of the Bus Monitor Board shown above. I see 74HC05 inverters being used and two dip switches thrown at the same time. So I imagine pull up resistors are being used with the 05’s. Are resistors mounted on the back of the board? What value resistors were used? Would 74HCT05 inverters have worked as well as the 74HC05 inverters?

    Thanks for the help.

    Mark Ericksen
    Clearwater, Florida

  8. Kim says:

    Hi Scott can I have the Gerber file for the bus monitor so I can have the boards made elsewhere.

    I think that Osh park is very expensive.

    Many thanks

    Kim.

  9. admin says:

    I agree, Osh Park does run on the expensive side, but I find the web site fairly convenient to deal with. Osh Park does now have a button which should allow you to download the gerbers.

  10. Manfred says:

    Well, I thought about building a bus monitor. Then from 7447 I came to TIL311 and finally to your project.
    So, nothing to do, just soldering 😉

    But now I have some excess PCBs lying around. Under what license do you publish your projects? Am I allowed to sell my leftover PCBs?

    Regards
    Manfred

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